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Ss pipe schedule chart in mm pdf
Seamless pipe is also available ex-stock in heavier schedules such as SCH 80S, SCH 160 and XXS. Larger sizes of both seamless and welded pipe are readily available through our …
Pipe Wall Thickness. Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipe Carbon,Alloy and Stainless Steel ANSI B36.10,B36.19
Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules . All the piping used by CRP is dimensionally to ASME B36.1 /API 5L The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore.
Download Data Sheet (.PDF) Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standards used to designate pipe diameter and thickness. Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size (NPS) for inside diameter based on inches, and a schedule …
HEXAGONAL BAR – Dia (mm) x Dia (mm) x 0.00679 = Kg (per mtr) The Weight for Other Metals are obtained by multiplication Of the weight of S.S. with the following factors.
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE CHART Visit us at http:/www.jpsteel.us Identification Pipe Size Steel (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) Iron Pipe Size Schedule No. Stainless Steel Schedule No. Wall Thickness – t – (inches) Inside Diameter – d – (inches) 1/80.405. STD XS
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
Chart of Commom Stainless Steel Pipe Grades Chemical Analysis (%) Specified Welded & Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASME B36.10M All dimensions are in mm Schedule Wall Thickness in mm Nominal size DN NPS 10 20 30 40 Std 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS CARBON STEEL PIPE • Dimensions Note 1:For dimensional tolerances refer to ASME B36.10M Equivalent sizes shown in API Specification 5L OD mm
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd – ANSI Pipe Schedule
Stainless steel pipes, 304 Stainless steel pipes, 304L Stainless steel pipes, 316 Stainless steel pipes, 316L Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions, petrochemical industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, automotive industry, municipal and decorative purposes.
90 elbow long radius 90 elbow short radius 45. elbow long radius tee 0.44 0.88 22 25 1.12 29 i .38 35 45 2.00 2.25 64 3.12 79 3.75 95 5.00 127
standard pipe schedule & weight measurement (lbs/kg) size od inch od mm schedule (sch) w.t (inch) lbs/ f 0t w.t (mm) kg/ m et r 6 6.625″ 168.3mm 8 8.625″ 219.1mm
Nominal Nominal O.D. Schedule Schedule Schedule Standard Schedule Schedule Extra Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Pipe Size Pipe Size 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 inch mm mm Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt …
pipe is dipped in the solution of Zinc Chloride and ammonia Chloride to give a Base metal for Better pickup of Zinc on steel surface. The pipes are dipped in a molten zinc Bath at a temperature of 450o C to get the proper adherent Coating. After Galvanizing the pipes are sent for threading wherever it is required. The threading is done on the highly sophisticated machines to have the best
For example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 168.3 mm. The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, and NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size designator. For NPS 14 and larger, the NPS is equal to 14inch. For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall thickness increases with larger schedule number. The
Browse Stainless Steel Pipe -Type 304 Schedule 10S in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,O.D.,Wall Thickness,Weight
Dimensions, weight and thickness of pipes SCH 20 Nominal size [inches] Outside diameter [inches] Outside diameter [mm] Wall thickness [inches]
Steel Pipe Dimensions NB Size Schedule Information
https://www.youtube.com/embed/7IuHmnm-1Ec

asme b36.19 stainless steel pipe dimensions wall
Pipe’s Wall Thickness ASTM A312, A358, A778, A53, A106, API 5L ASME/ANSI B36.19 B36.10 Outside Diameter Nominal Wall thickness: mm Figures based on austenitic steel Pipe Size Inches in mm SCH 10 20 30 STD 40 60 SCH XS 80 100 120 140 160 …
3 Nominal pipe sizes Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Designations ANSI/ASME Wall Thickn. inches Wall Thickn. mm Lbs/Ft Kg/m Inches mm DN inches mm 5” …
Sandvik holds a large stock of seamless, stainless pipe in sizes according to ANSI/ASME. The pipe is delivered in random lengths or cut to fixed lengths.

The St. Louis Republic. (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, June 21, 1900 in Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph by aDmin Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph
Therefore, a schedule 40S stainless pipe has a wall thickness of approximately 1.73mm for a pipe with outside diameter of 10.3mm but increases to 9.53mm for a pipe of the same schedule but 323.9mm in diameter. There are four general schedules for stainless pipe; 5S, 10S, 40S and 80S.
Ss 304 Pipe Schedule Chart In Mm Posted on November 25, 2018 by Pa Surya Steel tubing size chart pretty hdpe pipe in mm german rh orionflares stainless schedule 40 wall thickness stainless steel pipe sizes natural gas pipe capacity diagram metal alloy pipe valuable stainless steel pipe size chart aluminum schedule keywords

Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd

NPS DN OD 10S 10 20 30 STD/ 40S 40 60 XS/ 80S 80 100 120

Seamless pipe in sizes acc. to ANSI/ASME — Sandvik

Pipe Wall Thickness Piping Engineer
https://www.youtube.com/embed/URCz9_ISxmQ

Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules Technical Info CRP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28fluid_conveyance%29

https://www.youtube.com/embed/yG7ZxUwRjNA

Steel Pipe Dimensions NB Size Schedule Information
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd

Therefore, a schedule 40S stainless pipe has a wall thickness of approximately 1.73mm for a pipe with outside diameter of 10.3mm but increases to 9.53mm for a pipe of the same schedule but 323.9mm in diameter. There are four general schedules for stainless pipe; 5S, 10S, 40S and 80S.
standard pipe schedule & weight measurement (lbs/kg) size od inch od mm schedule (sch) w.t (inch) lbs/ f 0t w.t (mm) kg/ m et r 6 6.625″ 168.3mm 8 8.625″ 219.1mm
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE CHART Visit us at http:/www.jpsteel.us Identification Pipe Size Steel (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) Iron Pipe Size Schedule No. Stainless Steel Schedule No. Wall Thickness – t – (inches) Inside Diameter – d – (inches) 1/80.405. STD XS
Browse Stainless Steel Pipe -Type 304 Schedule 10S in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,O.D.,Wall Thickness,Weight
HEXAGONAL BAR – Dia (mm) x Dia (mm) x 0.00679 = Kg (per mtr) The Weight for Other Metals are obtained by multiplication Of the weight of S.S. with the following factors.
Nominal Nominal O.D. Schedule Schedule Schedule Standard Schedule Schedule Extra Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Pipe Size Pipe Size 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 inch mm mm Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt …
Pipe’s Wall Thickness ASTM A312, A358, A778, A53, A106, API 5L ASME/ANSI B36.19 B36.10 Outside Diameter Nominal Wall thickness: mm Figures based on austenitic steel Pipe Size Inches in mm SCH 10 20 30 STD 40 60 SCH XS 80 100 120 140 160 …
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd – ANSI Pipe Schedule
pipe is dipped in the solution of Zinc Chloride and ammonia Chloride to give a Base metal for Better pickup of Zinc on steel surface. The pipes are dipped in a molten zinc Bath at a temperature of 450o C to get the proper adherent Coating. After Galvanizing the pipes are sent for threading wherever it is required. The threading is done on the highly sophisticated machines to have the best

Seamless pipe in sizes acc. to ANSI/ASME — Sandvik
Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph – Altconnews

Dimensions, weight and thickness of pipes SCH 20 Nominal size [inches] Outside diameter [inches] Outside diameter [mm] Wall thickness [inches]
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd – ANSI Pipe Schedule
standard pipe schedule & weight measurement (lbs/kg) size od inch od mm schedule (sch) w.t (inch) lbs/ f 0t w.t (mm) kg/ m et r 6 6.625″ 168.3mm 8 8.625″ 219.1mm
Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules . All the piping used by CRP is dimensionally to ASME B36.1 /API 5L The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore.
Chart of Commom Stainless Steel Pipe Grades Chemical Analysis (%) Specified Welded & Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASME B36.10M All dimensions are in mm Schedule Wall Thickness in mm Nominal size DN NPS 10 20 30 40 Std 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS CARBON STEEL PIPE • Dimensions Note 1:For dimensional tolerances refer to ASME B36.10M Equivalent sizes shown in API Specification 5L OD mm
Sandvik holds a large stock of seamless, stainless pipe in sizes according to ANSI/ASME. The pipe is delivered in random lengths or cut to fixed lengths.
HEXAGONAL BAR – Dia (mm) x Dia (mm) x 0.00679 = Kg (per mtr) The Weight for Other Metals are obtained by multiplication Of the weight of S.S. with the following factors.
Stainless steel pipes, 304 Stainless steel pipes, 304L Stainless steel pipes, 316 Stainless steel pipes, 316L Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions, petrochemical industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, automotive industry, municipal and decorative purposes.
90 elbow long radius 90 elbow short radius 45. elbow long radius tee 0.44 0.88 22 25 1.12 29 i .38 35 45 2.00 2.25 64 3.12 79 3.75 95 5.00 127
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
Pipe’s Wall Thickness ASTM A312, A358, A778, A53, A106, API 5L ASME/ANSI B36.19 B36.10 Outside Diameter Nominal Wall thickness: mm Figures based on austenitic steel Pipe Size Inches in mm SCH 10 20 30 STD 40 60 SCH XS 80 100 120 140 160 …
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16

NPS DN OD 10S 10 20 30 STD/ 40S 40 60 XS/ 80S 80 100 120
Seamless pipe in sizes acc. to ANSI/ASME — Sandvik

Ss 304 Pipe Schedule Chart In Mm Posted on November 25, 2018 by Pa Surya Steel tubing size chart pretty hdpe pipe in mm german rh orionflares stainless schedule 40 wall thickness stainless steel pipe sizes natural gas pipe capacity diagram metal alloy pipe valuable stainless steel pipe size chart aluminum schedule keywords
Browse Stainless Steel Pipe -Type 304 Schedule 10S in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,O.D.,Wall Thickness,Weight
pipe is dipped in the solution of Zinc Chloride and ammonia Chloride to give a Base metal for Better pickup of Zinc on steel surface. The pipes are dipped in a molten zinc Bath at a temperature of 450o C to get the proper adherent Coating. After Galvanizing the pipes are sent for threading wherever it is required. The threading is done on the highly sophisticated machines to have the best
Stainless steel pipes, 304 Stainless steel pipes, 304L Stainless steel pipes, 316 Stainless steel pipes, 316L Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions, petrochemical industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, automotive industry, municipal and decorative purposes.
90 elbow long radius 90 elbow short radius 45. elbow long radius tee 0.44 0.88 22 25 1.12 29 i .38 35 45 2.00 2.25 64 3.12 79 3.75 95 5.00 127
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
standard pipe schedule & weight measurement (lbs/kg) size od inch od mm schedule (sch) w.t (inch) lbs/ f 0t w.t (mm) kg/ m et r 6 6.625″ 168.3mm 8 8.625″ 219.1mm
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE CHART Visit us at http:/www.jpsteel.us Identification Pipe Size Steel (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) Iron Pipe Size Schedule No. Stainless Steel Schedule No. Wall Thickness – t – (inches) Inside Diameter – d – (inches) 1/80.405. STD XS
Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules . All the piping used by CRP is dimensionally to ASME B36.1 /API 5L The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore.
The St. Louis Republic. (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, June 21, 1900 in Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph by aDmin Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16

Steel Pipe Dimensions NB Size Schedule Information
Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph – Altconnews

Dimensions, weight and thickness of pipes SCH 20 Nominal size [inches] Outside diameter [inches] Outside diameter [mm] Wall thickness [inches]
HEXAGONAL BAR – Dia (mm) x Dia (mm) x 0.00679 = Kg (per mtr) The Weight for Other Metals are obtained by multiplication Of the weight of S.S. with the following factors.
pipe is dipped in the solution of Zinc Chloride and ammonia Chloride to give a Base metal for Better pickup of Zinc on steel surface. The pipes are dipped in a molten zinc Bath at a temperature of 450o C to get the proper adherent Coating. After Galvanizing the pipes are sent for threading wherever it is required. The threading is done on the highly sophisticated machines to have the best
The St. Louis Republic. (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, June 21, 1900 in Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph by aDmin Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd – ANSI Pipe Schedule
Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules . All the piping used by CRP is dimensionally to ASME B36.1 /API 5L The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore.
standard pipe schedule & weight measurement (lbs/kg) size od inch od mm schedule (sch) w.t (inch) lbs/ f 0t w.t (mm) kg/ m et r 6 6.625″ 168.3mm 8 8.625″ 219.1mm
Seamless pipe is also available ex-stock in heavier schedules such as SCH 80S, SCH 160 and XXS. Larger sizes of both seamless and welded pipe are readily available through our …

Steel Pipe Dimensions NB Size Schedule Information
Pipes SCH 20 chart dimensions weight and pipe wall thickness

Seamless pipe is also available ex-stock in heavier schedules such as SCH 80S, SCH 160 and XXS. Larger sizes of both seamless and welded pipe are readily available through our …
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
Pipe’s Wall Thickness ASTM A312, A358, A778, A53, A106, API 5L ASME/ANSI B36.19 B36.10 Outside Diameter Nominal Wall thickness: mm Figures based on austenitic steel Pipe Size Inches in mm SCH 10 20 30 STD 40 60 SCH XS 80 100 120 140 160 …
Chart of Commom Stainless Steel Pipe Grades Chemical Analysis (%) Specified Welded & Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASME B36.10M All dimensions are in mm Schedule Wall Thickness in mm Nominal size DN NPS 10 20 30 40 Std 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS CARBON STEEL PIPE • Dimensions Note 1:For dimensional tolerances refer to ASME B36.10M Equivalent sizes shown in API Specification 5L OD mm
Therefore, a schedule 40S stainless pipe has a wall thickness of approximately 1.73mm for a pipe with outside diameter of 10.3mm but increases to 9.53mm for a pipe of the same schedule but 323.9mm in diameter. There are four general schedules for stainless pipe; 5S, 10S, 40S and 80S.
pipe is dipped in the solution of Zinc Chloride and ammonia Chloride to give a Base metal for Better pickup of Zinc on steel surface. The pipes are dipped in a molten zinc Bath at a temperature of 450o C to get the proper adherent Coating. After Galvanizing the pipes are sent for threading wherever it is required. The threading is done on the highly sophisticated machines to have the best
Nominal Nominal O.D. Schedule Schedule Schedule Standard Schedule Schedule Extra Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Pipe Size Pipe Size 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 inch mm mm Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt …
For example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 168.3 mm. The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, and NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size designator. For NPS 14 and larger, the NPS is equal to 14inch. For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall thickness increases with larger schedule number. The
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16
The St. Louis Republic. (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, June 21, 1900 in Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph by aDmin Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd – ANSI Pipe Schedule

Pipes SCH 20 chart dimensions weight and pipe wall thickness
Pantech Stainless & Alloy Industries Sdn Bhd

The St. Louis Republic. (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, June 21, 1900 in Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph by aDmin Majestic Ss Pipe Schedule Chart Pdf Photograph
astm a 321tp 304 astm a 312 tp 316l astm a 312 tp 317l. 400. 16
3 Nominal pipe sizes Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Designations ANSI/ASME Wall Thickn. inches Wall Thickn. mm Lbs/Ft Kg/m Inches mm DN inches mm 5” …
For example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 168.3 mm. The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, and NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size designator. For NPS 14 and larger, the NPS is equal to 14inch. For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall thickness increases with larger schedule number. The
Browse Stainless Steel Pipe -Type 304 Schedule 10S in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,O.D.,Wall Thickness,Weight
PIPE SCHEDULE & WEIGHTS ASME B36.10 – B36.19 Wall thickness = millimeter Weights = Kilogram per meter www.norwegianpiping.com Titanium Gr. 2. is 0,57% of the listed steel weights. NPS DN OD (Inch) (mm) (mm) (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m (mm) kg/m 14 350 355,6 4,78 …
Sandvik holds a large stock of seamless, stainless pipe in sizes according to ANSI/ASME. The pipe is delivered in random lengths or cut to fixed lengths.
Pipe’s Wall Thickness ASTM A312, A358, A778, A53, A106, API 5L ASME/ANSI B36.19 B36.10 Outside Diameter Nominal Wall thickness: mm Figures based on austenitic steel Pipe Size Inches in mm SCH 10 20 30 STD 40 60 SCH XS 80 100 120 140 160 …
Steel Pipe Sizes and Schedules . All the piping used by CRP is dimensionally to ASME B36.1 /API 5L The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore.
Dimensions, weight and thickness of pipes SCH 20 Nominal size [inches] Outside diameter [inches] Outside diameter [mm] Wall thickness [inches]
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE CHART Visit us at http:/www.jpsteel.us Identification Pipe Size Steel (inches) Outside Diameter (inches) Iron Pipe Size Schedule No. Stainless Steel Schedule No. Wall Thickness – t – (inches) Inside Diameter – d – (inches) 1/80.405. STD XS
Stainless steel pipes, 304 Stainless steel pipes, 304L Stainless steel pipes, 316 Stainless steel pipes, 316L Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions, petrochemical industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, automotive industry, municipal and decorative purposes.